Identifiers:
All the words that we will use in c are keywords or identifiers. keywords are predefined and can’t be changed by the users, While identifiers are used to give names to entities likes variables, arrays, functions and etc.
There are some rules naming identifiers as:
- The name should consist of only alphabets (upper case and lower case), digits and underscore sign ( _ ).
- First character of identifier should be an alphabets or underscore.
- Name should not be a keyword.
- because c is case sensitive language, so upper case and lower case letter are considered different. for example code and CODE, Code, cOde, coDe, codE all are different.
Data Types:
There are four basic data types as: int, char, float, double. The size and range of different types on 16 bit machine as:
| Data Types | Data types with qualifier | Size(Bytes) | Range |
| char | Signed char | 1 byte | -128 to 127 |
| Unsigned char | 1 byte | 0 to 255 | |
| int | Signed int | 2 byte | -32768 to 32767 |
| Unsigned int | 2 byte | 0 to 65535 | |
| Signed short int | 1 byte | -128 to 127 | |
| Unsigned short int | 1 byte | 0 to 255 | |
| Signed long int | 4 byte | -2147483648 to 2147483647 | |
| Unsigned lon int | 4 byte | 0 to 4294967295 | |
| float | float | 4 byte | 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38 |
| double | double | 8 byte | 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308 |
| double | Long double | 10 byte | 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932 |
Constants:
Constant is a value that cannot be changed during execution of the program. there are three types of constants:
- Numeric constants:- Numeric constants consist of numeric digits, they may or may not have decimal points ( . ).
- integer constants : Integer constants are whole numbers which doesn’t consist decimal point( . ).
- Decimal (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) (base 10)
- Octal (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) (base 8)
- Hexadecimal (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F) (base 16)
- real constants : real constants are also known as floating point constants. it contains decimal points.
- integer constants : Integer constants are whole numbers which doesn’t consist decimal point( . ).
- Character constants : Character constants is a single character that is enclosed with single quotes ( ‘ ‘ ). Every character constant has a unique integer value associated with it.and that integer is the numeric value of character in the machine’s character code. ASCII values are as:
A to Z ASCII values are ( 65 to 90 )
a to z ASCII values are ( 97 to 122 )
0 to 9 ASCII values are ( 48 to 57 )
; ASCII values are ( 59 )
- String Constants : A string constant has zero, one or more than more characters. A string constant is enclosed within double quotes ( ” ” ).
Variables:
Variable is a name that can be used to store values. Variables can store different values but one at a time and these values can be changed during execution of the program. A data type is associated with each variables.
Declaration of variables:
It is must to declare a variable before using it. Syntax for declaration of variables:
<data type> <variable name>;
Initialization of variable:
when we declare a variable it contains undefined value also known as garbage value. If we want then we can assign some initial values to variable during declaration itself.
for example: int a ; // declaration of variable
int b = 5 ; // initialization of variable
Expression :
An expression is a combination of operators, constants, variables and function calls. The expression can be arithmetic, logical or relational.
Statements :
A statement is executable part of a program and gives instruction to computer to do some actions.
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